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The Child’s Rights Act and the African Children’s Charter define a child as a person below 18 years of age. Nigeria adopted the Child’s Rights Act in 2003, giving nod to both the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child. The Act contains a number of rights of children. Among them is – Free and compulsory basic education. On the other hand, the 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) all the UN Member States agreed to achieve by the year 2030 was envisioned for a world free from poverty, hunger and disease with a special focus on women, children and disadvantaged populations.
However, quality education; the fourth in the SDGs, is the focal point here and now vis-à-vis the rights of the child. From UN data, globally, 53 percent of 10-year-olds in low-and middle-income countries cannot read and understand a simple sentence or perform basic numeracy tasks. In Sub-Saharan Africa, 87 percent of children are ‘in learning poverty’ as they do not have basic literacy by age 10. In Nigeria, the record is terrifyingly disturbing with results being one of the lowest globally – with 70 percent of children not achieving basic foundational skills.
Though, chief of the stumbling blocks to child education in Nigeria is religion, coupled with ethnic and cultural diversity, nonetheless, there are other forces like poor funding on education considering the paltry 1.7 per cent of GDP to education, in-adequate and under-prepared workforce as a record reveals that 27 per cent of the teaching staff are unqualified. Others are in-sufficient physical resources with a high classroom learner ratio of 1:55 in primary schools, and low school readiness as no less than 10 million children aged 3 to 5 are not enrolled in early childhood care and education (ECCE) with net enrolment ratio (NER) put at 30.7 per cent.
Breaking these down, ensuring that teachers in basic education are qualified and undergo requisite training is compelling. Qualification to teach should go beyond holding certificates to expertise and retraining. A teacher must have teaching skills, and not as an accidental job. In fact, quality learning in basic education is as essential as in high school on account that pupils that receive quality basic education will flow in high schools with less difficulty. UNICEF Communication Specialist, Dr Geoffrey Njoku, while underlining the calamity, pointed out that the majority of children enrolled in schools are as deficient as those not in school. This is terrible.
The second is the absence of preparatory classes preceding primary education in public schools. The oversight has contributed vastly to poor education in Nigeria. No surprise the society is in disarray presently with ritual-killings, banditry, abduction and other vices. These are the effects of oversights over the years. A preparatory class for development of a child’s social, emotional, cognitive and physical needs in order to build a solid and broad foundation for lifelong learning and wellbeing prior to primary-one is essential. UNICEF Education Specialist, Manar Ahmed Sharouda, hit the hammer at the head during a workshop on ‘SDGs as Child Rights’ that “one must first learn to read, in order to read to learn”.
The third is excessive homework beyond the mental capacity of a child. The 31st clause in the UNCRC is right to leisure, recreation and cultural activities. Thus, ensuring that children are not overloaded with homework can enhance their learning progressions as experts maintained. More worrisome are some homework that rationally can not be solved by children. From investigation, the disproportionate workloads on pupils result from rivalry among schools for superiority contests, and therefore, regulating all schools under basic education to run a unified curriculum may change the narrative.
Commendably, UNICEF, from record is already supporting the federal government to improve Foundational Literacy and Numeracy through tailor-made, teaching-learning practices, such as Teaching at the Right Level (TaRL) and Reading and Numeracy Activities (RANA), nonetheless, a lot still needs to be done. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child while affirming that every child has a right to education emphasises that the purpose is to enable the child to develop to his or her fullest possible potential and to learn respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.
Concurringly, Dr Anthony Chidiebere Ezinwa of the Department of Mass Communication, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu emphasised that “Children are not just objects who belong to their parents and for whom decisions are made, or adults in training. Rather, they are human beings and individuals with their own rights”.
Relatively, it was poignant listening to ordeals a then 14-year-old girl faced in the name of marriage, custom and religion on television recently. At the age of 12, Aishatu was forcefully married to a 59-year-old man as the fourth wife, and she became pregnant two years later. During labour, she had serious complications that her adolescent body was torn leading to other issues. While undergoing the hell experience at such a tender age, the husband heartlessly drove her away due to offensive odour from her damaged body. Her parents too confined and isolated her in her miseries.
Providentially, an NGO intervened and facilitated her recovery. The parents, while giving their accounts, argued that their action was ‘in the best interest of the girl’ and in sync with their religion, albeit regretted their action, and reunited with their broken daughter after 5 years. This damage was avoidable had the parents received quality education prior to parenthood considering that adults do not fall from the sky but grown children. When children are not educated, they grow to live in delusion thereby posing great hazards to society.
No doubt, Part one of the UNCRC demands that ‘the best interest of a child is to be of paramount consideration in all actions’. However, it must be in tandem with laws. For example, UNCRC provides for compulsory access to education, prohibits sexual abuse (early and forced marriage until eighteen years) in Articles 28 and 34 respectively. Unfortunately, child marriage remains a prevalent practice in northern Nigeria. Girls about the age of 10 or 12 years still get betrothed or married off.
Furthermore, children still engage in hawking on highways during school hours and sessions, and seemingly, little or nothing is being done to protect them or deter parents and guardians from such practices. By ratifying the Child’s Rights Convention and African Children’s Charter, the Nigerian government has a duty to enforce these laws in a uniform and coherent manner. This submits that the major enemy of Child Rights abuse is willpower to implement the enacted laws.
By: Carl Umegboro
Umegboro is a public affairs analyst.
That Monster Called Corruption
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Corruption, to very many people, is like the allegory of the “blind men and the elephant”. Each of the blind men who had the privilege of touching the elephant gave it a description that was relative to their perspective. In other words, the blind men’s descriptions were founded on their covert understanding of what they perceived the elephant to be.
It is pertinent to state that such description could be fraught with the problem of limited knowledge as a result of ignorance, primordial sentiment and, of course, fear. Thus the outcomes of the blind men’s visit can be coloured by the principle of relativity. Conversely, the reports that the elephant is like a wall, gong etc incidented by the visitors do not really reflect truth or reality but were figments of the imaginations of blind people.
In contradistinction to the elephant and the blind men’s myth, the descriptions on corruption by all shades of opinion, so far, reflect in quite unmistakable terms the monster it actually symbolises and represents. Corruption has never been associated with anything good. In fact, the acclaimed Senior Advocate of the Masses, the legal luminary, Gani Fawehinmi, of blessed memory said, “Corruption is worse than prostitution because while prostitution destroys the individual who indulges in it, corruption destroys an entire nation”.
Little wonder when he was alive, Gani did not only hate corruption with passion but initiated and prosecuted several anti-corruption cases. He was a vanguard and one of those who were in the forefront of the titanic struggle to end this moral and ethical scourge. Corruption has dented the credibility and integrity of many public officeholders so much so that it is becoming increasingly difficult to define what corruption is and who is free from it.
The crux of the matter is that even those who, by virtue of their statutory obligation, are required to fight corruption frontally are neck deep in it. They are either first line offenders or accomplices who by dictates of the law are liable to arrest and prosecution like the principal felon.
Corruption, therefore, has become a normative and fast becoming an integral part of our social, business, administrative and academic life. Corruption has eaten deep into our ethical and moral values system that a public officer who tries to leave office clean and without abusing his office is seen by the corrupt minds as ‘not wise’. This corruption mentality has become the bane and the greatest challenge society is facing. It is one of the leading causes of avoidable crisis in families, communities, state and the country that more often than not, degenerates into loss of lives and property.
Why do civil or public servants falsify their age to continue to remain in office or to be eligible for a preferred job? Why would a person change financial records to amass wealth or gain financial advantage? Why would traders and petroleum products dealers create artificial scarcity to exploit the masses?
How can a person explain a situation where some uniform people stay on the road, collect money and give a blind eye to contrabands, adulterated and illegally refined products, even arms and ammunition to pass without effecting arrest of defaulters?
How on Earth should some judiciary workers impose outrageous levies on people who go to do transactions, like affidavit? While the oath fee is usually a paltry sum, judiciary workers make daily fortune out of unsuspecting people at a place that is supposed to be the temple of justice where truth, integrity and accountability should hold sway.
How can one explain a situation where cases in the law court are allegedly lost or won on the ember of financial capability even when it is presumed that the law is not only blind, so does not take into cognisance acquaintance and tendencies that can translate to undue influences, miscarriage of justice but is and should be seen incontrovertibly as “the last hope of the common man”?
Why should a pensioner process his terminal benefits giving out a ‘pound of flesh’ to those who are obligated by job description and paid to do that? Why would a pensioner pay upfront a certain amount for their legitimate entitlements — pension and gratuity to be paid to them?
Why would some people in position demand and accept financial and sex gratification in exchange for job? Why would admission into schools and choice courses be on capacity to pay or human connection syndrome? Why would some lecturers pressure weak students to give money or sex for grade not a product of the student’s endeavours?
Why would a public officer abuse the use of imprest – counting it as part of their emoluments instead of office running cost that is accountable at the end of the month as a precondition for another allocation?
Why would some pastors collect money dubiously from church members? And why would a public officer want to acquire the ‘whole world’ at the expense of the people whose resources he or she holds in trust and should be accountable to? How many times have present and successive administrations tried to fix the electricity problem, but to no avail? What about revamping of our moribund refineries and other critical national assets that had in the past been pivotal to revenue and economic mainstay of the nation?
How many times have political elites played ‘the more you look the less you see’ riddle in the polity so much so that elections are won even before they are conducted? Like the Bible Habakkuk who sounded philosophical over the moral and social indiscretions of his day, I can go on asking questions. However, the answer is not far-fetched. And the answer is corruption.
The inability of majority of Nigerians to afford two meals a day or live above poverty level index of Nigeria is an evidence of stinking corruption. How could the masses wallow in an orgy of abject poverty while very few ride in flamboyant cars and live in palatial houses. Corruption, no doubt, is a scourge and accounts for the gross state of underdevelopment the country is facing.
Corruption is the greatest enemy of the people. It is repugnant to the ideals of our founding fathers. It is a canker worm that is destroying our resources and our chances of greatness.
Let us join hands and fight this scourge. Society should stop celebrating questionable wealth and let us return to rebirth and inculcation of values reorientation in the society to save our nation from getting to the precipice.
By: Igbiki Benibo
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The fact that a presidential aspirant used the making of 20 million Nigerians millionaires between 2023 and 2030, as a campaign bait, is an indication of how far Nigeria has sunk, value-wise. That presidential campaign stunt was attributed to a state governor, Yahaya Bello, which also implies that such a person whose driving value is to make 20 million Nigerians millionaires, must himself be a multi-million money-bag. Nigeria is a nation where individuals can flaunt their wealth and throw their weight about, without anyone asking what lies behind such show of bravado. Wealth is might, power and can take impunity along as an accoutrement.
Considering the current state of Nigeria where insecurity is a biting challenge, anyone would have thought that anyone aspiring to become the next president would place such a challenge in the front burner as campaign promise. But what we have is a promise to make 20 Nigerians millionaires within a space of seven years. Surely, there are millions of Nigerians who would be caught by that campaign bait, and their votes swayed by such aspiration. The next step would be to approach Yahaya Bello personally for mentorship on ways and means to become millionaires in seven years’ time. We already have a cult of money-bags.
To say that misplacement of priorities and values is one of the predicaments of Nigeria as a nation, would not be a wrong assumption. But the issue about choices of priorities and values is an issue having to do with the inner quality and development of individuals. Wealth has been known to lure many people away from serious goals and callings in life, whereby, even with great wealth at their disposal, many and their lives in misery, regrets, frustrations and quilt-feelings.
20 million millionaires in seven years in a country where millions of people can be killed, maimed, kidnapped, traumatised, rendered homeless, helpless, jobless, etc, in a space of seven years by bandits, terrorists and unknown gunmen, is surely a country where eternal values must feature as political priorities and aspirations. What if the 20 million millionaires make their quick wealth in wrong and unethical means? Can we vouch that no such “mandarin millionaires” exist in Nigeria currently? Are sharp, sordid and unethical practices not involved in the pursuit of wealth?
Mahatma Gandhi of India listed seven Blunders of humanity as: “Wealth without work; pleasure without conscience; knowledge without character; commerce without morality; science without humanity; worship without sacrifices; politics without principles, and rights without responsibility”. For an aspiring president of Nigeria to place the acquisition of wealth as a campaign promise, without defining the ways and means of such priority proposal, shows the tendency of using short cuts to achieve results that rarely last long. Especially when the person making such campaign promise is a sitting state governor, then comes the question of why he has not deployed such magic formula to improve his state.
Frankly, Nigerians are wary of politicians who claim that they can be more effective and diligent when they become presidents, while they are unable to apply similar diligence and effectiveness in current and previous positions held. Let us admit that money, power, cunning and the ability to bamboozle the masses do not make for patriotic, diligent and effective leadership. The challenges and needs which confront Nigeria currently are too complex that making millions of Nigerians millionaires would not resolve or address the challenges and needs. More money can mean more acts of madness, than sober reflections!.
Those endowed with hypodermic vision are aware that current perplexities and experiences in the country are not without causes and purposes. Current challenges are meant to bring about a forced and rapid change or transformation, whereby every individual must examine himself and make appropriate adaptations. Such adaptation does not call for 20 million Nigerians becoming millionaires by 2030. Rather, what is needful includes sober reflection on the part of every individual Nigerian, because what we are passing through currently are the results of human failures and negligences. From avarice and greed, to insincerity and deceit, every Nigerian has some blame.
Those who know about specific law governing wealth would tell us that it goes with intensity of mindset, fixation of attention, willingness to give an equivalent value in return, coupled with taking the collective well-being of the larger society into consideration. We have story of legendary King Midas whose miraculous power turned everything that he touched into gold. What is unacceptable about the millionaire mindset is usually the inability to take the collective well-being of the larger society into consideration. Getting what you want through obsessive propensity, does not always guarantee happiness and peace of mind thereafter.
Ian Fleming, author of James Bond popular detective story books, propounded a theory which he called The Quantum of Solace. Briefly, the theory of The Quantum of Solace states that the quest for peace of mind is a vital priority among humans, but the means towards such ideal state differ widely among individuals. One man’s meat can be another man’s poison. Therefore, the bait of becoming a millionaire in seven years’ time may be attractive to some Nigerians, but surely some other Nigerians would consider such “success” as grossly myopic and materialistic.
Surely, wealth and the desire to become a millionaire cannot be described as evil, but what can become quite unhealthy is a mindset or a propensity which chokes the mind of higher values and strivings which enrich the goals of an ideal life. There have been millionaires who died dusty death, including by suicide. The fact that we live in a world where materialism holds sway, can expose those who are poverty-stricken to various dangers, including humiliations. Therefore, wealth constitutes a countervailing force to deal, measure for measure, with unscrupulous people. Thus money can be a weapon for self preservation.
In the past few years there have been several online trading groups seeking to sponsor and make millions of people millionaire, through selling other people’s products. Thus gambling and betting practices have continued to take various guises, whereby there are promises to make patrons of the “system” millionaires with little work, except to link as many people as possible into the “system”. There was a time when Britain was described as a nation to traders and shop-keeper, marketing the products of other manufacturing countries.
Current digital global economy has been structured in such a way that the flow of wealth is not determined by hard work or productivity, but by on-line technology. We are being told that the time is near when cars would be driven by robots, dignoses of ailments done by machines and babies produced in test-tubes, etc. Right now there are sex toys which can make a man do without a nagging wife and a woman do away with men who can get tired soon. Manufacturers of such “electronic wonders” shop in Africa for marketers who can become millionaires from the comfort of their homes, by selling their products on-line.
By: Bright Amirize
Dr Amirize is a retired lecturer from the Rivers State University, Port Harcourt.
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On January 1, 2012, in his New Year address, President Good luck Jonathan announced the removal of fuel subsidy. The move was intended to lift the burden from the shoulders of the Federal Government in order that the much-needed funds would be freed for infrastructure; and also to deregulate the downstream of the oil and gas industry, thereby stirring up interest from investors.
The policy raised the price of Premium Motor Spirit (PMS), from N65 per litre to N141 per litre overnight, and this did not go down well with Nigerians. On Channels television, the Coordinating Minister of the Economy, Dr. Ngozi Okonjo-Iwala, stated that if nothing was done to stop the subsidy regime, it would increase domestic debt drastically.
Also, in an interview with the BBC, then CBN Governor, Sanusi Lamido, told the world that Nigeria spent $8 billion on fuel subsidy in 2011. A political analyst, Garba Sani, also noted that between 2006 and 2011, the country had spent a whopping $23 billion on subsidy
Even though the economics of the policy was impeccable, on January 2, 2012, protests broke out in major cities, like Lagos, Abuja, and Kano; and later spread to other major cities. By January 5 the major unions, NLC and TUC threatened to begin on January 9 indefinite strike, warning to shut down every aspect of the economy, including the airports.
The protest eventually metamorphosed into what is now remembered as Occupy Nigeria that was supported by Nollywood stars and popular musicians.
By the second week, Nigerians in Diaspora were already protesting in South Africa, Belgium, and the IMF headquarters in Washington DC. The protest that eventually spread across the country and the Nigerian High Commission in London and South Africa was to compel the Federal Government to reinstate fuel subsidy.
One major argument at that time was that fuel subsidy was the only benefit accruable to the ordinary Nigerian from our collective oil wealth. Others argued that negotiations were still ongoing at the time President Jonathan made the announcement on New Year’s Day.
President Jonathan was called all manner of names. The Vice President of NLC, Issa Aremu, commented that the President had shown himself as someone who could not be trusted. The opposition speculated that people in government would fleece any Kobo saved from the subsidy removal. While protesters in Lokoja in Kogi State blocked the major link road between Southern and Northern Nigeria, ex-militants in the Niger Delta blocked the Port Harcourt – Warri Highway; and others called for revolution.
At the Gani Fawehimi Memorial Park in Ojota, Chairman of Joint Action, Dr. Dipo Fasina, stated that the struggle for the liberation of Nigerians from bad governance just started. He went further to call for a revolt to remove President Jonathan from office.
However, there were a few people, like Prof. Akin Iwayemi, who supported the policy, blaming the stunted growth of the downstream oil and gas sector on the overbearing influence of the government. Others who supported the policy asserted that the subsidy only benefitted the rich and the middle class. Yet, others claimed that subsidy was a ruse to empty our national treasury, an avenue for massive corruption and waste.
After many negotiations with the NLC and TUC, the price of PMC was brought down to N97. But President Buhari elevated the price to N165 per litre and everyone was happy, even though doomsday was not eliminated, but postponed, and the ghost of 2012 has remained with us; and in the light of current economic realities, it appears the proverbial chicken has come to roost.
In the past ten years, there have been several indications that the Occupy Nigeria protest against subsidy was only a political stunt by the opposition. Even Prof. Yemi Oke noted that the agitation at that time was a political arrangement and game that had backfired.
As adults, we know that every lie has a short lifespan, and in the case of the fuel subsidy, it was barely ten years before all the lies against President Jonathan began to show signs of cracks as the national budget became bloated due to the subsidy component.
Today, even the Minister for State for Petroleum, Chief Timipre Sylva, had confessed that there is a whole criminal enterprise within the subsidy regime, further claiming that he did not know the actual amount of fuel consumed in this country daily.
In the same vein, Clement Isong, Executive Secretary of Major Oil Marketers of Nigeria, is of the opinion that Nigeria is subsidizing the whole of Africa. According to him, all our neighbours in Africa are buying PMS at the international price while here in Nigeria the price is less than half. The result is a criminal enterprise where no one, even in NNPC knows the litres of PMS we consume in the country.
The NLC has recently faulted the figure bandied by NNPC, especially as it formed the base for its estimate of N3 trillion for subsidy in 2022. Even Governor Fayemi of Ekiti State has called NNPC’s consumption figures as criminal. But, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, Rt. Hon. Femi Gbajabiamila, has constituted an Ad Hoc Committee to investigate the volume of fuel consumed daily in the country. .
Currently, the country is spending as much as N270 billion per month on subsidy; but unfortunately, only N443 billion was appropriated for fuel subsidy from January to June 2022, and if going by IMF’s estimate, we are yet to comprehend the full measure of the long term damage to our economy, especially if the current dollar exchange is thrown into the mix.
Now the whole nation is looking up to Dangote refinery, which we hope would come up before the end of this year. But I am hoping that going forward, no political party would play the kind of unpatriotic role the opposition played in 2012.
By: Raphael Pepple
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